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Regno.[73] Neither could Charles gain the commoners' loyalty, partly because he continued enforcing the subventio generalis despite the popes declaring it an illegal charge.[74][75] He introduced a ban on the use of foreign currency in large transactions and made a profit of the compulsory exchange of foreign coinage for locally minted currency.[76] He also traded in grain, spices and sugar, through a joint venture with Pisan merchants.[77] Pope Clement censured Charles for his methods of state administration, describing him as an arrogant and obstinate monarch.[78] The consolidation of Charles's power in northern Italy also alarmed Clement.[79] To appease the Pope, Charles resigned his senatorship in May 1267.[78][80] His successors, Conrad Monaldeschi and Luca Savelli, demanded the re-payment of the money that Charles and the Pope had borrowed from the Romans.[78] Victories by the Ghibellines, the imperial family's supporters, forced the Pope to ask Charles to send his troops to Tuscany.[81] Charles's troops ousted the Ghibellines from Florence in April 1267.[81] After being elected the Podestà (ruler) of Florence and Lucca for seven years, Charles hurried to Tuscany.[81] Charles's expansionism along the Papal States's borders alarmed Pope Clement and he decided to change the direction of Charles's ambitions.[80] The Pope summoned him to Viterbo, forcing him to promise that he would abandon all claims to Tuscany in three years.[82] He persuaded Charles to conclude agreements with William of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, and the titular Latin Emperor[note 2] Baldwin II in late May.[84] According to the first treaty, Villehardouin acknowledged Charles's suzerainty and made Charles's younger son, Philip, his heir, also stipul |
Saturday, January 7, 2023
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